What is LiDAR measurement?
CSX’s Environmental Data Analyst Luke Jeffery takes us through his past 6 months focusing on the collection and analysis of drone RGB and laser scans. LiDAR is a method of measurement using lasers, with the time taken for laser pulses to be sent out and returned to the equipment, determining the distance of the object from the sensor. Each pulse forms a “point” in three-dimensional space, forming a “point cloud“ which can be used for a variety of measurement purposes.
At CSX we use a drone-mountable LiDAR payload and terrestrial laser scanner, creating point clouds of woodland and peatland.
How to generate point-clouds of UK Tree Species & Peatland
Real time kinematic receivers
Real Time Kinematic receivers
The image shows the usual setup for a CSX surveyor, taken near Thurso. On the centre-left you can see the two RTK, or “Real-Time Kinematic” receivers. These connect to the device-in-use and satellites, enabling centimetre accuracy for our surveys. One RTK unit is used for the drone, the other for the terrestrial laser scanner (TLS).
Terrestrial Laser Scanner
Terrestrial Laser Scanners (TLS)
On the left you can see the TLS. The device is large and heavy. This can prove difficult to manoeuvre in dense woodland, especially conifer with low, sprawling branches, like you can see in the image taken near Strathy Point, Northern Scotland.
The data outputs from the TLS are very similar to the drone-mounted LiDAR sensors, although the TLS is more accurate. Consequently TLS data acts as a “ground-truth” for other data sets.
We are currently using this device to generate point-clouds of UK tree species at various ages. These are put through software and scripts to generate 3D models, giving a volume and consequently an estimated carbon content.
RGB Drone
Drones
This is the drone that we use to capture most of our data from the air. We attach our LiDAR and RGB payloads to this drone, which is very versatile and can be flown in poor weather conditions, in rain and 30mph+ winds, although this is suboptimal. The target ideally mustn’t move, as it can produce a blurred stitched image and point cloud.
Our 45megapixel RGB payloads take high-resolution images of their targets, which are then stitched together into an orthomosaic. We make sure to fly at particular heights so that a specific resolution can be achieved. For example, a flight for the purpose of examining individual plant species within an area, would want very high resolution and would fly lower.
RGB Drone over Pike Law peatland
RGB Drones in action
This image is from a 2022 trip up to Pike Law peatland within Raby Estate. As the site was relatively inaccessible, it required hiking up with a smaller drone. Consequently at this type of site LiDAR data is not easily obtainable, but RGB data is more than collectable.
Cloudy day
Perks of the job – special scenery
This image was taken above the site on a cloudy day, where a survey could not be undertaken.
These images show the variety of environments we work in with drones and laser scanners.
Terrestrial Laser Scanner at Peat Bog
Peat Bogs
This image is from a peat bog at Strathy Point. Laser scans of haggs and gullies were taken to create point clouds, from which exposed peat and fill volumes could then be calculated.
Terrestrial Laser Scanner – sitka spruce plantation
Tree Plantations
This image shows the TLS within a young sitka spruce plantation in North Yorkshire. Occlusion (blockage via branches, needles, leave etc.) is high in dense plantations such as this, so TLS placement for optimal scanning positions becomes very important to collect quality data. As with the drone, low wind speeds at ground level are important. A moving forest produces a blurry point cloud which cannot be used to form 3D models further along the process.
In the near future, at CSX Carbon, we plan to attach multispectral sensors to our drones, enhancing our ability to analyse vegetation across different sectors. Furthermore, as the BEAMS scientific project expands with wider and more comprehensive data sets, providing the ground-truthing mechanisms from the TLS, collecting imagery via drone alone will be sufficient enough to perform fulfilling surveys.
Our ultimate aim is to make surveys comprehensive – and accessible.
Luke Jeffery
November 2022
About Luke
Luke joined CSX in Spring 2022, mainly working across Northern England and Scotland. His role focuses on the collection and analysis of laser scans, whilst also undertaking drone flights for a variety of purposes across the business.
He holds two degrees in Geography and Environmental Management from Newcastle and Lancaster universities, where he specialised in LiDAR analysis.